The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), under Chair Gary Gensler, has a robust rulemaking agenda with substantial new governance and disclosure requirements and proposed requirements. In 2022, the SEC approved a number of proposed and final rules, which, in many cases, provided for relatively short public comment periods and timelines for compliance. For proposed rules, the commencement of the public comment period is tied to the date that the proposed rules are published in the Federal Register. For final rules, the effective date of the rules and, in some cases, transition periods for compliance with the rules, are tied to the date that the final rules are published in the Federal Register.

As a result, we are often asked when proposed or final rules will be published in the Federal Register. Our responses to these questions are typically estimates based, in large part, on a review of the past timing between the date the SEC announced the proposed or final rules, and the date that those rules were published in the Federal Register.

A complete history of the Federal Register and agency rulemaking is beyond the scope of this post, but a very brief summary may be useful.

• In 1935, the Federal Register Act established the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) as part of the National Archives and Records Administration, and, in partnership with the Government Printing Office (GPO), created the Federal Register.¹

• In 1946, the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) established the process by which federal agencies (including the SEC) publish, receive comments on, and finalize their rules and regulations.² Generally, agencies must publish a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) in the Federal Register, allow for public comments on the NPRM, publish the final rule in the Federal Register, and provide for at least 30 days following publication before the final rule becomes effective.³

The OFR has established a regular schedule for publication of documents in the Federal Register, with documents typically on a three- or four-day schedule for publication depending on when they are received.⁴ Although this timing is a helpful starting point for determining when a document will be published in the Federal Register, the submission by the SEC of the proposed or final rule to the OFR may not occur on the same date as the announcement by the SEC of a proposed or final rule. It could take several days or longer for the agency to submit the release to the OFR. In addition, the OFR may defer publication beyond the typical publication timing (discussed above) if the document has lengthy tables, illustrations, and/or the length of the document requires additional review and processing time.⁵

Because the SEC may not submit its release simultaneously with announcement, and because many of the SEC releases are quite lengthy (more than 100 pages), we are often left to estimate the timing of publication based on past experience and practice. Below is a chart of some of the major proposed and final rulemakings (and reopening of comment periods) issued by the SEC in 2022, including the date of announcement by the SEC, the date of publication in the Federal Register, and the number of days between announcement and publication.

2022 Proposed Rulemakings and Reopening of Comment Periods

Proposed Rule	# of Pages in SEC Release	SEC Release	Federal Register Publication	Days Between Release and Publication
Rule 10b5-1 and Insider Trading	149	January 136	February 15	33
Reopening of Comment Period for Pay Versus Performance	29	January 27	February 2	6
Modernization of Beneficial Ownership Reporting	183	February 10	March 10	28
Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, Governance, and Incident Disclosure	129	March 9	March 23	14
The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors	490	March 21	April 11	21
Reopening of Comment Period for Listing Standards for Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation	4	June 8	June 14	6
Substantial Implementation, Duplication, and Resubmission of Shareholder Proposals Under Exchange Act Rule 14a-8	81	July 13	July 27	14
Resubmission of Comments and Reopening of Comment Periods for Certain Rulemaking Releases	7	October 7	October 18	11
Reopening of Comment Period for Share Repurchase Disclosure Modernization	8	December 7	December 12	5

Based on the above, documents with 100 pages or more were published, on average, 24 days after SEC announcement, with the publication date ranging from 14 days to 33 days following SEC announcement. Documents with less than 100 pages (typically comment period reopenings) were published, on average, 8.4 days after SEC announcement, with the publication date ranging from five to 14 days following SEC announcement.

2022 Final Rulemakings

Final Rule	# of Pages in SEC Release	SEC Release	Federal Register Publication	Days Between Release and Publication
Updating EDGAR Filing Requirements and Form 144 Filings	69	June 2	June 10	8
Proxy Voting Advice	104	July 13	July 19	6
Pay Versus Performance	233	August 25	September 8	14
Inflation Adjustments under Titles I and III of the JOBS Act	16	September 9	September 20	12
Listing Standards for Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation	231	October 26	November 28	33
Insider Trading Arrangements and Related Disclosures	252	December 14	December 29	15

Based on the above, documents with 100 pages or more were published, on average, 17 days after SEC announcement, with the publication date ranging from only six days to 33 days following SEC announcement. The shorter documents were published eight and 12 days, respectively, following SEC announcement.

¹ The Federal Register Act, as amended, is codified at 44 U.S.C., Chapter 15. See also Title 1, Chapter 1 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
² The Administrative Procedure Act, as amended, is codified at 5 U.S.C. §§551 et. seq.
³ See 5 U.S.C. §553.
⁴ See 1 C.F.R. §17.2(c).
⁵ See 1 C.F.R. §17.7.
⁶ This proposed rule was originally proposed on December 15, 2021, but it was replaced by a new version on January 13, 2022.